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http://www.kellymom.com/nutrition/milk/immunefactors.html
Immune factors in human milk

In human milk, there is a complex system of antimicrobial factors... most of the factors are produced throughout lactation... Antibodies are present in human milk throughout lactation...
source: Nutrition During Lactation (1991, Institute of Medicine, p. 134-37)

According to the Iowa Extension Service, every teaspoon of breastmilk has 3,000,000 germ killing cells in it; so if a baby gets even one tsp. a day, it is very valuable!

.. it has been shown in man and in several animal models that immunisation via the gut, and also the lungs, stimulates a special population of antibody-producing B lymphocytes. They appear in large numbers in special aggregations in the gut - the Peyer's patches. These lymphocytes leave the gut after having met bacteria and viruses there and move or "home" to exocrine glands such as the mammary, lacrimal and salivary glands, as well as glands in the mucosal membranes of the bronchi and the gut. As a consequence, human milk contains sIgA antibodies against all those bacteria and viruses which have been in the mother's gut. This gives the milk capacity to protect against those microorganisms to which the infant is exposed, because they are usually the same as those its mother has been in contact with.
source: L A Hanson et al. Breastfeeding protects against infections and allergy. Breastfeeding Review; Nov l988 , pp l9 - 22.

Some of the immune factors in breastmilk have been shown to increase in concentration as the baby gets older and nurses less, so older babies still receive lots of immune factors. So as a baby starts to nurse less (weaning) and milk supply decreases, the concentration of immunities increases. This isn't age-dependent, but depends on the amount of milk that baby is removing from the breast. [source: Goldman AS et al. "Immunologic components in human milk during weaning." Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 Jan;72(1):133-4.]

Sources:

Table 6-5 "Concentration of Immunologic Factors in Human Milk During Several Phases of Lactation" from: Nutrition During Lactation, Institute of Medicine, 1991, p. 134.

Table 5-2 "Concentration of immunologic components in human milk collected during second year of lactation" from: Lawrence R and Lawrence R. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession, 5th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1999, p. 169 .

Immune factors found in human milk

alpha-Lactalbumin (variant)
alpha-lactoglobulin
alpha2-macroglobulin (like)
ß-defensin-1
Bifidobacterium bifidum
Carbohydrate
Casein
CCL28 (CC-chemokine)
Chondroitin sulphate (-like)
Complement C1-C9
Folate
Free secretory component
Fucosylated oligosaccharides
Gangliosides GM1-3, GD1a, GT1b, GQ1b
Glycolipid Gb3, Gb
Glycopeptides
Glycoproteins (mannosylated)
Glycoproteins (receptor-like)
Glycoproteins (sialic acid-containing or terminal galactose)
Haemagglutinin inhibitors
Heparin
IgG
IgM
IgD
kappa-Casein
Lactadherin (mucin-associated glycoprotein)
lactoferrin
Lactoperoxidase

Lewis antigens
Lipids
Lysozyme
Milk cells (macrophages, neutrophils, B & T lymphocytes)
Mucin (muc-1; milk fat globulin membrane)
Nonimmunoglobulin macromolecules (milk fat, proteins)
Oligosaccharides
Phosphatidylethanolamine
(Tri to penta) phosphorylated beta-casein
Prostaglandins E1, E2, F2 alpha
RANTES (CC-chemokine)
Ribonuclease
Secretory IgA
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (antileukocyte protease; SLPI)
Sialic acid-glycoproteins
sialylated oligosaccharides
Sialyllactose
Sialyloligosaccharides on sIgA(Fc)
Soluble bacterial pattern recognition receptor CD14
Soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)
Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)
Sulphatide (sulphogalactosylceramide)
Trypsin inhibitor
Vitamin A
vitamin B12
Xanthine oxidase (with added hypoxanthine)
Zinc

Unidentified factorsSource:
Human milk - Tables of the antimicrobial factors and microbiological contaminants relevant to human milk banking (with continued updating) by Dr. John T. May, PhD

Additional Information

Do mom's vaccines protect her breastfed baby? @

Can Breastfeeding Prevent Illnesses? LLLI FAQ

How Breast Milk Protects Newborns by Jack Newman, MD, FRCPC

Field CJ. The immunological components of human milk and their effect on immune development in infants. J Nutr. 2005 Jan;135(1):1-4.

Human Milk and the Prevention of Infection by Benjamin Estrada, MD, from Infect Med2003;20(6):270.

Immunological Protection by Kathryn Orlinsky, PhD

Immune Benefits of Breast Milk at a Glance by Robert J. Huskey

The Newborn Immune System and Immunological Benefits of Breastmilk (excerpts from textbooks)

Goldman AS, Chheda S, and Garofalo R. Evolution of Immunologic Functions of the Mammary Gland and the Postnatal Development of Immunity. Pediatric Research (February 1998):43(2).

Human milk - Tables of the antimicrobial factors and microbiological contaminants relevant to human milk banking (with continued updating) by Dr. John T. May, PhD

Anti-inflammatory characteristics of human milk: how, where, why by E. Stephen Buescher, MD, from Adv Exp Med Biol. 2001;501:207-22.

Cytokines in Human Milk: Mean Concentrations and Potential Functions

Enteric and Respiratory Pathogens Commonly Targeted By Secretory IgA Antibodies Found in Human Milk

Anti-Inflammatory Components in Human Milk

Immune Factors in Human Milk that Compensate for Delayed Production in Infants

Dai D, Walker WA. Protective nutrients and bacterial colonization in the immature human gut. Adv Pediatr 1999;46:353-82.

Goldman AS. Modulation of the gastrointestinal tract of infants by human milk. Interfaces and interactions. An evolutionary perspective. J Nutr 2000 Feb;130(2S Suppl):426S-431S.

The Benefits Throughout Life of Breastfeeding with Emphasis on the Role of Glycoconjugatesby Tom Gardiner, PhD and Jane Ramberg, MS, from Glycoscience and Nutrition 2000 August;1(26):1-5.

Importance of Glycoconjugates in Breastfeeding and Early Nutrition by Tom Gardiner, PhD, from Glycoscience and Nutrition 2000 July;1(23):1-10.

Kirsi-Marjut Järvinen. Human Milk Immunology in Relation to the Development of Cow's Milk Allergy in the Breast-fed. Academic Dissertation, September 2000. University of Helsinki, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Department of Dermatology.

How the Immune System Develops

Development of the Immune System by Mike Gunderloy

Biology of the Immune System from The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy

Page last modified: 08/22/2005
Written: 06/01/2001